Long-Term Liabilities (Assignment 9) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Long-Term Liabilities ( 9) - Assignment Example Long-term income taxes payable recorded a negative change of 49.44% from the previous. This clearly indicates that the company reduced its long-term income tax payable by 49.44 percent. This is a good sign of the efforts of the company tom reduce long-term liabilities. According to the notes on the financial statements, the management of the company recorded that the company recorded a significant reduction in income tax payable as a result of changes in tax policies. The U.S. federal and state tax audits resolved to lower the rate of income tax rate from 32.5 percent in April 2, 2011 to 12.7 percent in March 31, 2012. 3. What are the approximate interest rates incurred on your firms long-term liabilities? Complete the schedule below. Some items, e.g., deferred tax liabilities, do not incur interest. Some (or most) of this information will be found in the notes to the financial statements. 5. Go to the statement of cash flows. Observe the amount of "net cash flow from operations" generated in each of the last three years. To what extent does it appear that the company will be able to pay off the above scheduled obligations each year with cash generated from operations? Might the company need to raise the required cash in some other way? Discuss. The company has been recording consistent increase in the amount of net cash flow from operations. In the last financial year ended in December 2011, the Pentair recorded a net cash flow from operations of 320,226,000. This is remarkable given the fact that the company has been recording consistent performance in the last three years. Taking a look at both the present and past performances of the company, the company is only able to pay long term debts. The other obligations have the effect of straining the company’s financial resources and this may require the company to source for additional capital. The company may pay the obligations by raising additional capital from the stock market through

Library and Its Uses Essay Example for Free

Library and Its Uses Essay The root-meaning of the word library is a room or building containing a collection of books for reading. But as there are now circulating or travelling libraries in many countries, the world has undergone a change in its meaning. By the word now indicated a collection of books for reading or reference; Different kinds of libraries: There are kinds of libraries personal, public and institutional. Personal library A personal library is one which belongs to a private person, generally of sufficient means. Such libraries grow out of such person’s taste for knowledge and, sometimes, for fashion. There are, of course, small scale private libraries owned by solvent lawyers, educationists and persons of literary taste. But such libraries contain books on some particular subject or subjects chosen according to the taste and interest of their owners. Public library A public library is one which is open to the public. In order to cater to the taste and interest of all classes of people, a public library has to contain books on different subjects and varieties. Such libraries may be seen in large numbers in every country. Most of these libraries are managed or subsidized by their states. The British Museum library of London and the Central library of Moscow are instances of public libraries. Again, many such libraries have been set up in England and America by philanthropic people like Mr. Carnegie, the American millionaire. Institutional library An institutional library is one which belongs to an institution such as a university, a college, a school, a chamber of commerce, a club or a governmental department. Such a library is open to the members of the institution concerned and, therefore, generally contains hooks which are needed by them most. Importance of library As acquisition of knowledge depends mostly on reading, man has to read as necessarily as he has to eat. It adds to what he has already learnt and makes him strong and fit for rude battle of life. But for financial difficulties most of the persons who are keen on reading cannot purchase the books they need to read. Hence arises the importance of libraries. Had there been no libraries, both public and institutional, such persons would have been deprived of their reading. The teachers and the students, in like manner, would be badly affected if their institutions had no libraries of their own. Conclusion Libraries attract people to read and thus create the habit of reading and- stimulate the thirst for more and more knowledge. But for the libraries, there would be no authors, no poets, and no thinkers. The libraries thus help in the advancement of learning and expansion of knowledge. The library has another very important use. No research work is possible without a well equipped library containing valuable books of all ages, rare manuscripts and old records. A library of this type is thus of incalculable help in throwing light on unearthed subjects. Time passes in an unbroken continuity as does the water of the river. The books of the libraries are a record of this continuity. They thus enable us to know how human society has developed in thought and action step by step.

Camaro Essay -- Automobiles Chevrolet Camaros Essays

Camaro The name â€Å"Camaro† came from a French word for friend. The decision on the name came down to the last minute, with most of the world sure the car would be named, â€Å"The Panther.† Although the strange name had to be explained to the public, Camaro fit in with other Chevy names- Corvette, Chevelle, Chevy 2, and Corvair. The main reason the Camaro was introduced was because of the huge success of the Ford Mustang. The Camaro was roughly the same size as the Mustang, a little wider and based more on performance. The Camaro is one of the last remaining muscle cars still in production today. It is only fitting that buyers still expect maximum performance from their Camaros. It is that expectation that has kept the Camaro alive for all these years, while many other cars have faded away, lost in memory. The Mustang GT only only offered the 289- cubic inch or an 390- cubic inch V8 in 1967. The Camaro rolled out with 302, 327, 350, and 396 cubic inch V8’s (Camaro 14) The Camaro’s style was much smoother as well. The introduction of the Camaro threw pony car development into a frenzy. Before the Camaro, the Mustang and Barracuda were not quite considered full muscle cars. Most serious performance enthusiasts still opted for intermediate sized GTO’s or the Chevelle Super Sports (SS). The Camaro changed the image of those sport coupes. (Camaros, Eric Ethan) The Z28 and the stout SS-396 were more than just a stylish ride. Under the hood Camaros were well respected. Such respect helped establish the Camaro as the premier high-performance pony car. Camaro sales increased each year form 1967-1969. To this day, these Camaros are the favorite among enthusiasts. The Camaro brings a bad-boy image to the street and the track. The car has always been based on racing even when the Camaro was not officially involved. â€Å"It’s at home drag racing, and racing away from convenience stores after hold-ups. Because of this, media has given the Camaro a bad boy reputation.†(American Muscle Cars, 47) 1969 saw several noteworthy changes to the Camaro. The grill became deeper set, the taillamps were longer and thinner and broken into three segments. A heavy "eye-brow" crease was added on the both sides of the car extending from the front wheel well to the rear wheel well. A matching crease went from the rear wheel well to the rear quarter panel. Endura rubbe... ...white was perhaps better suited to the older cars, but the look was still striking. Chevrolet even revived the interior with 30th anniversary logos. White wheels added to the effect. 1998 was a big year for the Camaro. It received a major refreshening with body upgrades including a new front fascia, a new hood, composite reflector headlamps, and new fenders. The 1998 model also received chassis upgrades, a new 4-wheel disc brake system and a new anti-lock brake system (ABS). But the biggest upgrade was the all new LS1 V8 engine for the Camaro Z28. This new engine produces 335 horsepower. That’s more than twice the standard horsepower offered in the 1982 Z28, to shine a little perspective on the state of modern high-performance. Although most Camaros sold through the years have not been performance models, it is still the image and reputation of the various Super Sports, Z28’s, Pace Cars, and IROC-Zs that have defined the Camaro and kept the car in the public eye. While other car fashions have changed, Camaro buyers still want powerful V8s driving the real wheels, preferably with a manual transmission between the two. Given the opportunity, they will buy performance.

Lab 5 Cellular Respiration

Lab 5Cellular Respiration Introduction: Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the ultimate electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule, such as oxygen. It is the release of energy from organic compounds by metabolic chemical oxidation in the mitochondria within each cell. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can all be metabolized as fuel, but cellular respiration is most often described as the oxidation of glucose, as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kilocalories of energy/mole of glucose oxidized Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that occurs in the cytosol and partially oxidizes glucose into twopyruvate (3-C). The Krebs cycle is also a catabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and completes glucose oxidation by breaking down apyruvate derivative (Acetyl-CoA) into carbon dioxide. These two cycles both produce a small amount of ATP by substra te-level phosphorylation and NADH by transferring electrons from substrate to NAD+ (Krebs cycle also produces FADH2 by transferring electrons to FAD).The electron transport chain is located at the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, accepts energized electrons from reduced coenzymes that are harvested during glycolysis and Krebs cycle, and couples this exergonic slide of electrons to ATP synthesis or oxidative phosphorylation. This process produces 90% of the ATP. Cells respond to changing metabolic needs by controlling reaction rates. Anabolic pathways are switched off when their products are in ample supply. The most common mechanism of control is feedback inhibition.Catabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are controlled by regulating enzyme activity at strategic points. A key control point of catabolism is the third step of glycolysis, which is catalyzed by an allosteric enzyme, phosphofructokinase. The ratio of ATP to ADP and AMP reflects the energy status o f the cell, and phosphofructokinase is sensitive to changes in this ratio. Citrate and ATP are allosteric inhibitors of phosphofructokinase, so when their concentration rise, the enzyme slows glycolysis.As the rate of glycolysis slows, the Krebs cycle also slows since the supply of Acetyl-CoA is reduced. This synchronizes the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. ADP and AMP are allosteric activators for phosphofructokinase, so when their concentrations relative to ATP rise, the enzyme speeds up glycolysis, which speeds of the Krebs cycle. Cellular respiration is measure in three manners: the consumption of O2 (how many moles of O2 are consumed in cellular respiration? ), production of CO2 (how many moles of CO2 are produced in cellular respiration? , and the release of energy during cellular respiration. PV = nRT is the formula for the inert gas law, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of molecules of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas in degrees K. This law implies several important things about gases. If temperature and pressure are kept constant then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas. If the temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas changes in direct proportion to the number of molecules of gas.If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules is kept constant, then either pressure or volume or both will change in direct proportion to the temperature. Hypothesis: The respirometer with only germinating peas will consume the largest amount of oxygen and will convert the largest amount of CO2 into K2CO3 than the respirometers with beads and dry peas and with beads alone.The temperature of the water baths directly effects the rate of oxygen consumption by the contents in the respirometers (the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of consumption). Materials: The following materials are necessary for the lab: 2 thermometers, 2 shallow baths, tap water, ice, paper towels, masking tape, germinating peas, non-germinating (dry) peas, glass beads, 100 mL graduated cylinder, 6 vials, 6 rubber stoppers, absorbent and non- absorbent cotton, KOH, a 5-mL pipette, silicon glue, paper, pencil, a timer, and 6 washers. Procedure:Prepare a room temperature and a 10oC water bath. Time to adjust the temperature of each bath will be necessary. Add ice cubes to one bath until the desired temperature of 10oC is obtained. Fill a 100 mL graduated cylinder with 50 mL of water. Add 25 germinating peas and determine the amount of water that is displaced. Record this volume of the 25 germinating peas, then remove the peas and place them on a paper towel. They will be used for respirometer 1. Next, refill the graduated cylinder with 50 mL of water and add 25 non-germinating peas to it.Add glass beads to the graduated cylinder until the volume is equivalent to that of the expanded germinating peas. Remove the beads and peas and place on a paper towel. They will be used in respirometer 2. Now, refill the graduated cylinder with 50 mL of water. Determine how many glass beads would be required to attain a volume that is equivalent to that of the germinating peas. Remove the beads. They will be used in respirometer 3. Then repeat the procedures used above to prepare a second set of germinating peas, dry peas and beads, and beads to be used in respirometers 4,5,and 6.Assemble the six respirometers by obtaining 6 vials, each with an attached stopper and pipette. Then place a small wad of absorbent cotton in the bottom of each vial and, using the pipette or syringe, saturate the cotton with 15 % KOH. Be sure not to get the KOH on the sides of the respirometer. Then place a small wad of non- absorbent cotton on top of the KOH-soaked absorbent cotton. Repeat the se steps to make the other five respirometers. It is important to use about the same amount of cotton and KOH in each vial. Next, place the first set of germinating peas, dry peas and beads and beads alone in vials 1,2, and 3.Place the second set of germinating peas, dry peas and beads, and glass beads in vials 4,5, and 6. Insert the stoppers in each vial with the proper pipette. Place a washer on each of the pipettes to be used as a weight. Make a sling using masking tape and attach it to each side of the water baths to hold the pipettes out of the water during the equilibration period of 10 minutes. Vials 1,2, and 3 should be in the bath containing water at room temperature. Vials 4, 5, and 6 should be in the bath containing water that is 10oC. After the equilibration period, immerse all six respirometers into the water completely.Water will enter the pipette for a short distance and stop. If the water does not stop, there is a leak. Make sure the pipettes are facing a direction f rom where you can read them. The vials should not be shifted during the experiment and your hands should not be placed in the water during the experiment. Allow the respirometers to equilibrate for three more minutes and then record the initial water reading in each pipette at time 0. Check the temperature in both baths and record the data. Every five minutes for 20 minutes take readings of the water’s position in each pipette, and record.Results: In this activity, you are investigating both the effects of germination versus non-germination and warm temperature versus cold temperature on respiration rate. Identify the hypothesis being tested on this activity. The rate of cellular respiration is higher in the germinating peas in cold than in the beads or non-germinating peas; the cooler temperature in the cold water baths slows the process of cellular respiration in the both germinating and non-germinating peas. This activity uses a number of controls. Identify at least three of the controls, and describe the purpose of each.The constant temperature in the water baths yielding stable readings, the unvarying volume of KOH from vial to vial leading to equal amounts of carbon dioxide consumption, identical equilibration periods for all the respirometers, precise time intervals between measurements, and glass beads acting as a control for barometric pressure all served as controls. Describe and explain the relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed and time. There was a constant, gradual incline in the amount of oxygen consumed over precise passage of time.Why is it necessary to correct the readings from the peas with the readings from the beads? The beads served as a control variable, therefore, the beads experienced no change in gas volume. Explain the effects of germination (versus non-germination) on pea seed respiration. The germinating seeds have a higher metabolic rate and needed more oxygen for growth and survival. The non-germinating peas, t hough alive, needed to consume far less oxygen for continued subsistence. Above is a sample graph of possible data obtained for oxygen consumption by germinating peas up to about 8oC. Draw in predicted results through 45oC.Explain your prediction. Once the temperature reached a certain point, the enzymes necessary for cellular respiration denatured and germination (and large amounts of oxygen consumption) was inhibited. What is the purpose of KOH in this experiment? The KOH drops absorbed the carbon dioxide and caused it to precipitate at the bottom of the vial and no longer able to effect the readings. Why did the vial have to be completely sealed under the stopper? The stopper at the top of the vial had to be completely sealed so that no gas could leak out of the vial and no water would be allowed into the vial.If you used the same experimental design to compare the rates of respiration of a 35g mammal at 10oC, what results would you expect? Explain your reasoning. Respiration wou ld be higher in the mammal since they are warm-blooded and endothermic. If respiration in a small mammal were studied at both room temperature (21oC) and 10oC, what results would you predict? Explain your reasoning. Respiration would be higher at 21 degrees because it would be necessary for the animal to maintain a higher body temperature.The results would proliferate at 10 degrees because the mammal would be required to retain its body temperature at an even lower temperature in comparison to room temperature. Explain why water moved into the respirometer pipettes. While the peas underwent cellular respiration, they consumed oxygen and released carbon dioxide, which reacted with the KOH in the vial, resulting in a decrease of gas in the pipette. The water moved into the pipette because the vial and pipette were completely submerged into the bath. Design an experiment to examine the rates of cellular respiration in peas that have been germinating for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours.What res ults would you expect? Why? Respirometers could be set up with respirometer 1 containing non-germinating peas, respirometer 2 holding peas that have been germinating 24 hours, 3 would contain the peas that germinated 48 hours, and 4 would hold the peas that germinated 72 hours. All the respirometers should have the KOH added to the bottom in the same manner as in lab described earlier. The respirometers should be placed in baths with the same temperature for all the respirometers. The seeds that have not begun germination would consume very little oxygen.The peas that have been germinating for 72 hours will have the greatest amount of oxygen consumption, while the other two samples will consume a medium (in comparison to respirometers 1 and 4 results) amount of oxygen. Error Analysis: Numerous errors could have occurred throughout the lab. The temperature of the baths may have been allowed to fluctuate, the amounts of peas, beads, KOH, and cotton may have varied from vial to vial da maging the results, and these problems would have occurred only during set up. Air may have been allowed to creep into the vial via a leaky stopper or poorly sealed pipette.Timing for the equilibration of the respirometers and the five-minute time intervals may have been erroneous. It was somewhat difficult to read the markings on the pipettes and so errors are always likely. Mathematical inaccuracies may have taken place when filling out the table and finding the corrected difference by using the formula provided. Discussion and Conclusion: The lab and the results gained from this lab demonstrated many important things relating to cellular respiration. It showed that the rates of cellular respiration are greater in germinating peas than in non- germinating peas.It also showed that temperature and respiration rates are directly proportional; as temperature increases, respiration rates increase as well. Because of this fact, the peas contained by the respirometers placed in the water at 10oC carried on cellular respiration at a lower rate than the peas in respirometers placed in the room temperature water. The non-germinating peas consumed far less oxygen than the germinating peas. This is because, though germinating and non-germinating peas are both alive, germinating peas require a larger amount of oxygen to be consumed so that the seed will continue to grow and survive.In the lab, CO2 made during cellular respiration was removed by the potassium hydroxide (KOH) and created potassium carbonate (K2CO3). It was necessary that the carbon dioxide be removed so that the change in the volume of gas in the respirometer was directly proportional to the amount of oxygen that was consumed. In the experiment water will moved toward the region of lower pressure. During respiration, oxygen will be consumed and its volume will be reduced to a solid. The result was a decrease in gas volume within the tube, and a related decrease in pressure in the tube.The respirometer with just the glass beads served as a control, allowing changes in volume due to changes in atmospheric pressure and/or temperature. This activity uses a number of controls. Identify at least three of the controls, and describe the purpose of each. The constant temperature in the water baths yielding stable readings, the unvarying volume of KOH from vial to vial leading to equal amounts of carbon dioxide consumption, identical equilibration periods for all the respirometers, precise time intervals between measurements, and glass beads acting as a control for barometric pressure all served as controls.Describe and explain the relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed and time. There was a constant, gradual incline in the amount of oxygen consumed over precise passage of time. Condition Calculations Rate in mL O2/ minute Germinating Peas/ 10oC (1. 40-1. 38) 20 min. .001 Germinating Peas/ 20oC (1. 35-. 57) 20 min. .040 Dry Peas/ 10oC (1. 40-1. 38) 20 min. .001 Dry Peas/ 20oC (1. 4 7-1. 42) 20 min. .003 Why is it necessary to correct the readings from the peas with the readings from the beads? The beads served as a control variable, therefore, the beads experienced no change in gas volume.Explain the effects of germination (versus non-germination) on pea seed respiration. The germinating seeds have a higher metabolic rate and needed more oxygen for growth and survival. The non-germinating peas, though alive, needed to consume far less oxygen for continued subsistence. Above is a sample graph of possible data obtained for oxygen consumption by germinating peas up to about 8oC. Draw in predicted results through 45oC. Explain your prediction. Once the temperature reached a certain point, the enzymes necessary for cellular respiration denatured and germination (and large amounts of oxygen consumption) was inhibited.What is the purpose of KOH in this experiment? The KOH drops absorbed the carbon dioxide and caused it to precipitate at the bottom of the vial and no longer able to effect the readings. Why did the vial have to be completely sealed under the stopper? The stopper at the top of the vial had to be completely sealed so that no gas could leak out of the vial and no water would be allowed into the vial. If you used the same experimental design to compare the rates of respiration of a 35g mammal at 10oC, what results would you expect? Explain your reasoning. Respiration would be higher in the mammal since they are warm-blooded and endothermic.If respiration in a small mammal were studied at both room temperature (21oC) and 10oC, what results would you predict? Explain your reasoning. Respiration would be higher at 21 degrees because it would be necessary for the animal to maintain a higher body temperature. The results would proliferate at 10 degrees because the mammal would be required to retain its body temperature at an even lower temperature in comparison to room temperature. Explain why water moved into the respirometer pipettes. W hile the peas underwent cellular respiration, they consumed oxygen and released carbon dioxide, which reacted with the KOH in he vial, resulting in a decrease of gas in the pipette. The water moved into the pipette because the vial and pipette were completely submerged into the bath. Design an experiment to examine the rates of cellular respiration in peas that have been germinating for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. What results would you expect? Why? Respirometers could be set up with respirometer 1 containing non-germinating peas, respirometer 2 holding peas that have been germinating 24 hours, 3 would contain the peas that germinated 48 hours, and 4 would hold the peas that germinated 72 hours.All the respirometers should have the KOH added to the bottom in the same manner as in lab described earlier. The respirometers should be placed in baths with the same temperature for all the respirometers. The seeds that have not begun germination would consume very little oxygen. The peas that have been germinating for 72 hours will have the greatest amount of oxygen consumption, while the other two samples will consume a medium (in comparison to respirometers 1 and 4 results) amount of oxygen. Error Analysis: Numerous errors could have occurred throughout the lab.The temperature of the baths may have been allowed to fluctuate, the amounts of peas, beads, KOH, and cotton may have varied from vial to vial damaging the results, and these problems would have occurred only during set up. Air may have been allowed to creep into the vial via a leaky stopper or poorly sealed pipette. Timing for the equilibration of the respirometers and the five-minute time intervals may have been erroneous. It was somewhat difficult to read the markings on the pipettes and so errors are always likely.Mathematical inaccuracies may have taken place when filling out the table and finding the corrected difference by using the formula provided. Discussion and Conclusion: The lab and the results gai ned from this lab demonstrated many important things relating to cellular respiration. It showed that the rates of cellular respiration are greater in germinating peas than in non- germinating peas. It also showed that temperature and respiration rates are directly proportional; as temperature increases, respiration rates increase as well.Because of this fact, the peas contained by the respirometers placed in the water at 10oC carried on cellular respiration at a lower rate than the peas in respirometers placed in the room temperature water. The non-germinating peas consumed far less oxygen than the germinating peas. This is because, though germinating and non-germinating peas are both alive, germinating peas require a larger amount of oxygen to be consumed so that the seed will continue to grow and survive. In the lab, CO2 made during cellular respiration was removed by the potassium hydroxide (KOH) and created potassium carbonate (K2CO3).It was necessary that the carbon dioxide be removed so that the change in the volume of gas in the respirometer was directly proportional to the amount of oxygen that was consumed. In the experiment water will moved toward the region of lower pressure. During respiration, oxygen will be consumed and its volume will be reduced to a solid. The result was a decrease in gas volume within the tube, and a related decrease in pressure in the tube. The respirometer with just the glass beads served as a control, allowing changes in volume due to changes in atmospheric pressure and/or temperature.

Responding to the Wii Essay

Kazuo Hirai, the chief executive of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI) has encountered two large rivals in the video game industry this year. Nintendo and Microsoft have released advanced video game consoles that have left Sony sales behind. Nintendo especially, has broken the status quo for marketing in the video game industry by dramatically expanding its target market from 18-34 year-olds to 9-65 year-olds both male and female with its new video game console, the Wii. For years, Sony had gone head to head with Microsoft competing for the same market with their PSPs and X-Boxes consoles. Both Sony and Microsoft focused on using advanced technology to create cutting edge video game consoles whose purpose was more than just video games. Their target market was 18-19 year old males. On the other hand, the Wii is not as advanced as the PSP or X-Box. Its main attraction are its wireless, motion-sensing controllers that allow gamers to use their limbs (punching, swinging, batting) to control the actions of on-screen characters. Also, the Wii was designed with user- friendly capabilities that appeal to all audiences. Nintendo is threatening competition for Sony. There are five main forces that drive Video Game Industry competition: * Intensity of rivalry among Competitors * Threat of New Entrants * Threat of Substitutes * Bargaining Power of Suppliers * Bargaining Power of Buyers Strategic Issues Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors One of Sony’s largest threat and competitor is Nintendo. Nintendo sold 32.4 million units for the Wii, while Sony sold 15.5 million units. While Sony was occupied retaliating to Microsoft’s X-box video game console, Nintendo rose to take number one position in the video game industry. In 2007, Sony lost 9.7% of its Operating Margin, while Nintendo was up to 58.8% in millions of dollars. This is an important issue because Sony has been at the top of the industry for many years and is now suddenly is losing capital. Currently in the Video Game industry rivalry and competition is really intense. In Sony’s case, it is the way Nintendo’s Wii console is appealing to all audiences that has affected Sony the most. With Sony only reaching out to a closed market, it is difficult to increase sales. Also, Sony has to keep up working on new technology for the PSP to overcome Microsoft’s X-box. If Sony does not step up its g ame, then soon it will be left behind and sales will hit the floor. Threat of New Entrants Sony’s second rival in sales is Microsoft and their video game console, the X-box 360. Microsoft threatens to take control of the gaming market of 18-35 year olds. Microsoft brought out the new X-box live that allows players to play online with players from all over the world while video chatting with them at the same time. If Sony does not address the issue with the Wii, and does not improve sells, Microsoft could take over Sony’s target market. This force is moderately strong, and is another threat to Sony. Threat of Substitutes In Sony’s case, if Sony does not respond to the Wii or X-box and loses its target market new entrant s might join the video game industry to take advantage of the lack of motivation from Sony and their target market. Sony needs to make sure it keeps their current target market by providing improved technology and new games. If not, then there could be a possibility that new competitors come into play and take Sony’s position as lead video game provider for 18-35 gamers. Also, Nintendo could just take over the whole Video Game industry. Although, this force is not very strong it can definitely happen, especially with Sony’s sales loss. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Currently, Sony is not being affected by the bargaining power of suppliers. However, the companies that it does work with (Toshiba and IBM) could refuse to manufacture new products for Sony if they feel they are taking a risk based on Sony’s drop in sales. For example when Microsoft joined the Video Game Industry it attempted to do things differently, like not charging royalties to third parties, thus third party console makers declined to manufacture x-boxes. This is also a moderate force that must be kept on check because whatever Sony’s decision is to do in respond to the Wii, Sony will have to go to these third parties to manufacture the new ideas. Bargaining Power of Buyers For Sony, there is not a lot of bargaining power from buyers. The issue is that its market is not as large as Nintendo’s. This force is not an immediate threat to Sony but rather would happen in a case where a company was forced to reduce the price of its video game console to please its market. The main issue in the Video Industry is not the cost of the product but rather the quality and popularity amongst the market. Recommendations Of all these five forces that drive Video Game industry competition, the strongest forces are the intensity of rivals and threat of new entrants. Sony should not try to compete with Nintendo for the market, but should instead focus on its strongest facets in order to keep pleasing their current target market. Sony has become very popular amongst its target market and if it is not focused it can become weak and lose its market. If this happens then Microsoft would take Sony’s position and market and have no other main competitors. If Sony can improve sales by pleasing its target market, then the other four forces can be avoided. Sony should stay focused on finding new technology to improve its current game console to please its current target market. This market has been following Sony since its birth and should be Sony’s priority. Rushing into a larger market could damage Sony even more. The Video Game industry is definitely an attractive business for So ny, but Sony should be aware of its competitors and keep its product high quality.

David Pham Tran Essays (824 words) - Bacteriology, Rooms, Bacteria

David Pham Tran Essays (824 words) - Bacteriology, Rooms, Bacteria David Pham Tran Biology 10H Block 1 DRAFT OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS RESULTS The purpose of this experiment was to test the colony counts of bacteria after growing them in the same amount of time. The independent variables of this project were the different locations in school that bacteria were being collected from. The locations were the doorknob at the staircase, the doorknob in the biology room, the bathroom sink, the bathroom toilet, the cafeteria table, the cafeteria railing, the water fountain, the locker combination, the floor of the biology room, and the hallway floor. The dependent variable was the number of colonies that grew from the bacteria. The control group is was the cafeteria table since it was constantly wiped. Quantitative data was used in this experiment and the level of data was ordinal. The ANOVA test was used to do the statistical analysis of the data. The means for the bacteria colonies of each location were respectively as follows: 32.6 for the staircase doorknob, 32.2 for the biology room doorknob, 44.2 for the bathroom sink, 32.2 f or the bathroom toilet, 28 for the cafeteria table, 15 for the railing in the cafeteria, 30.6 for the water fountain, 21.8 for the locker combination, 24 for the biology room floor, 15.8 for the hallway floor. The null hypothesis was if the different locations in school have no effect on the colony counts of the bacteria, then the averages of colonies will be slightly the same. The p-value of this experiment was 0.05, approximately 0.033. Due to the p-value the null hypothesis was rejected. The alternative hypothesis was if bacteria are collected from different locations in school, then the colony counts of bacteria will be the same. The results of this experiment did not support the alternative hypothesis. As shown below in Table 1: The Counts Of Colony Depend On The Locations In School, the standard variations were the following: 7.89 for the staircase doorknob, 11.5 for the biology room doorknob, 26.8 for the bathroom sink, 10.0 for the cafeteria table, 12.2 for the bathroom toil et, 8.63 for the cafeteria railing, 13.9 for the water fountain, 8.41 for the locker combination, 14.0 for the biology room floor, and 9.68 for the hallway floor. As shown in Graph 1: The Average Counts of Colony, the average counts of colony were shown as following: 32.6 for staircase doorknob, 32.2 for biology room doorknob, 44.2 for bathroom sink, 28 for cafeteria table, 32.2 bathroom toilet, 15 for cafeteria railing, 30.6 for water fountain, 20.8 for locker combination, 24 for biology room floor, 15.8 for hallway floor. TABLE 1: THE COUNTS OF COLONY DEPEND ON THE LOCATIONS IN SCHOOL Descriptive Information Staircase doorknob Biology room doorknob Bathroom sink Cafeteria table Bathroom toilet Mean Standard Deviation Number 32.6 7.89 5 32.2 11.5 5 44.2 26.8 5 28.0 10.0 5 32.2 12.2 5 *Continue of the previous table due to lack of space Descriptive Information Cafeteria railing Water fountain Locker combination Biology room floor Hallway floor Mean Standard Deviation Number 15.0 8.63 5 30.6 13.9 5 20.8 8.41 5 24.0 14.0 5 15.8 9.68 5 Results of ANOVA *(This include both of the previous tables) Between groups F= 2.319 p0.01 (0.033) df= 49 CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this experiment was to test the colony counts of bacteria after growing them in the same amount of time. The alternative hypothesis that the colony counts of the bacteria would be slightly the same even though they were collected from different locations was rejected. The reason why the results did not support the alternative hypothesis was because the colony counts of the bacteria turned out to be very different. The highest number of colony found in one petri dish was 84 and the lowest was 6. Only 3 out of 10 group average were in the range of 30 to 35 and only one group average was higher than 40. These results above were not enough to support the alternative hypothesis. To support the alternative hypothesis 7 out of 10 groups had to have the average in the same range. The independent variable (the different locations that bacteria were collected from) had this effect on the dependent variable (colonies) was because it depended on how dirty the locations were. If on e location was extremely dirty like the bathroom sink or toilet, the more bacteria will be collected and the more colonies will grow. According to the literature review, bacteria would need at least 24 hours to be visible. The bacteria were ensured to be visible and develop as many colonies by leaving

Death and the Maiden essays

Death and the Maiden essays The play Death and the Maiden is set in the country of Chile in a time where the deep wounds of a tyrannical dictatorship were only beginning to heal. For seventeen years, Chile endured the iron-fisted rule of former army commander in chief, Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. By this time, however, the people of Chile were not at all unfamiliar with a corrupt government. The democracy that preceded Pinochets dictatorship was also wracked with controversy. Salvador Allende Gossens, a committed Marxist, was elected in 1970 by means of a democratic election; however, he only received 36.6% of the Chilean pubic vote. This was only the beginning of the governmental hullabaloo. As time progressed, Allendes government further lost its democratic character by having repeatedly violated the Chilean Constitution. In effect, Salvador Allendes government bordered on a dictatorship as he repeatedly broke his solemn oath to respect the Constitution and the Chilean laws. This was not only obvious to the majo rity of Chilean citizens, but also to the House of Deputies (the Lower House of the Chilean Congress) and the Chilean Supreme Court. In the momentous Agreement of 23 August 1973, two thirds of the House of Deputies voted to take action against Allende. Since no feasible mechanism existed in the Chilean Constitution to remove a President who had lost his democratic nature, the House of Deputies, with the support of all the representatives of the Christian Democratic Party, turned action over to the Armed Forces. This was, in fact, an unequivocal call to remove President Allende. The Armed Forces, led by Commander in Chief of the Army, General Augusto Pinochet, complied with the Agreement of the House of Deputies. Eighteen days later, on 11 September 1973, Pinochets forces successfully overthrew the government. Allende was found on a blood stained sofa with a bullet through his mouth. What the House did not foresee was that followin...

Learning the Italian Alphabet

Learning the Italian Alphabet If you choose to learn the Italian language, youll need to start by learning its alphabet. When you have an innumerable amount of other â€Å"useful† languages to choose from, why would you choose Italian a language spoken by about 59 million people, compared to, let’s say Mandarin’s 935 million Despite the fact that every day more and more Italians are learning English, there is still a huge appeal to learn la bella lingua. Many people feel drawn to Italian because it’s a part of their ancestry, and learning Italian can be a great tool to utilize as you dig deeper into your family history. While you can do a lot of research in English, actually visiting your great grandfather’s birth town in Naples will require more than just a list of survival phrases to truly get a feel for the locals and hear stories about what the town was like while he was alive. What’s more, being able to understand and tell stories to your living family members will will add a depth and a richness to your relationships. Learning the Alphabet The Italian alphabet (lalfabeto) contains 21 letters: Letters / Names of the lettersa  Ã‚  ab  Ã‚  bic  Ã‚  cid  Ã‚  die  Ã‚  ef  Ã‚  effeg  Ã‚  gih  Ã‚  accai  Ã‚  il  Ã‚  ellem  Ã‚  emmen  Ã‚  enneo  Ã‚  op  Ã‚  piq  Ã‚  cur  Ã‚  erres  Ã‚  esset  Ã‚  tiu  Ã‚  uv  Ã‚  vuz  Ã‚  zeta The following five letters are found in foreign words: Letters / Names of the lettersj  Ã‚  i lungok  Ã‚  kappaw  Ã‚  doppia vux  Ã‚  icsy  Ã‚  ipsilon Learning the Basics If youre pressed for time, focus on the fundamentals. Study the Italian ABCs and Italian numbers, learn how to pronounce Italian words and ask questions in Italian, and brush up on the euro (after all, youll have to reach into your portafoglio- wallet- eventually). However, the quickest and most effective way to learn Italian is the total-immersion method. This means traveling to Italy for an extended period, studying at any of the thousands of language schools throughout the country, and speaking only Italian. Many programs include a home-stay component that enhances the cultural exchange. You literally eat, breathe, and dream in Italian. Whether its reading an Italian textbook, taking a language course at a university or local language school, completing workbook exercises, listening to a tape or CD, or conversing with a native Italian speaker. Spend some time every day reading, writing, speaking, and listening to Italian to become accustomed to the target language. Slowly but surely, your confidence will build, your accent will become less pronounced, your vocabulary will expand, and youll be communicating in Italian. Maybe youll even start speaking Italian with your hands!

The History of Fashion Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Fashion Trends - Research Paper Example The essay "The History of Fashion Trends" analyzes the trends in the fashion history. Although, fashion has its roots since time immemorial, the history of fashion design is no older than the mid 19th century when Charles Fredrick Worth launched his first fashion house in Paris. Ever since, the concept of fashion designers has dominated the fashion world. Throughout 20th century, almost all of the high end fashion spread from Paris and London. The boundary between haute-couture and daily wear garments was not strictly defined. At the onset of this century, the concept of fashion photography emerged as did fashion magazines (Jones). Every century and perhaps decade is marked with changes in fashion trends. A major breakthrough in women’s fashion came in 1920’s with the introduction of flapper styles with emphasis on slack clothes and shorter skirts with temporary revivals of long skirts. By the start of 1930’s a large part of western world faced the effects of the Great Depression and haute couture became less popular. The focus shifted from the more romantic haute couture line (marked by a revival of waist lines along with a bust outline, longer hems, and skin-tight evening gowns) to everyday, utility wear . The 1940’s, being years of war, were marked by the production of uniforms, whereas the 1950’s saw the return of fashion with changes in haute-couture. The end of the 20th century was characterized by globalization of the fashion industry with fashion centers emerging all over the world.... The history of fashion has witnessed two popular fashion movements and trends namely The New Romantic and the Punks. It is worth contrasting the two movements in order to gain a deeper insight into these two highly popular trends. The late 1970’s and early 1980’s were marked by the onset of the New Romantic movement characterized by new trends in fashion and music in U.K (Riello and McNeil). The movement is originally marked by the new wave music and has survived to date with few alterations. Friday and Saturday nights were no longer the most celebrated with music; rather, Tuesdays also received special attention when the club â€Å"Gossips† introduced Bowie nights on this day (Riello and McNeil). The trendsetters in Punk fashion include Vivienne Westwood, Jean Paul Gaultier wardrobe worn by bands such as The Exploited (Jones). Flannel shirts printed with political slogans and band names became a popular practice during the 1980’s (Jones). Leather jackets and denim vests were studded painted and tailor made and replaced the earlier practice of tailor made blazers (Jones). Female punks typically entailed shaving the entire head except for a strand in the front (Jones). Perhaps the most prominent recognition of this era was given by the onset of spiked or apparently electrified hair with flamboyant colors and streaks. The main distinction between the New Romantics and its predecessor (the Punk) then became focus on glamour and looking good in the latter, a reflection of softer, more fragile, self-conscious attitudes contrary to the violent, anarchic and crude culture portrayed by Punks. The New Romantics came to be known for their anti-Punk attitudes as they replaced sloppiness with

Investigate whether financial conservative policies depend on Dissertation

Investigate whether financial conservative policies depend on financial distress - Dissertation Example The literature review will look at work already done in the area and this along with an analysis of data will be used to arrive at a conclusion. The paper also describes the research methodology that will be used in carrying out the study. Theoretical Framework Central to this investigation is to define trade off and pecking order theories and the terms financial conservatism, financial distress and leverage. A sample of firms that adopts conservative policies as it relates to high levels of cash holdings and low levels of leverage will be identified and data relating to financial conservatism will be analysed. Trade-off theory predicts that when firms face high expected cost of financial distress and/ or attach a rather low value to interest tax shields, then, they will seek to employ conservative financial policies (Minton and Wruck 2001). Pecking order theory predicts that firms use external financing only when internal funds are insufficient to support discretionary expenditures. When internal funds fall short, managers look first to debt financing and only as a last resort do they turn to using equity financing (Myers 1984). Definitions Financial conservatism For the purpose of this study financial conservatism is defined as a persistent financial policy of low leverage and high cash holdings. Financial distress Financial distress is the inability to generate revenue when there are too many debts. Literature Review Iona (2004) Berger et al (1997) suggests that managers tend to make more conservative capital structure decisions when are given the power to use their discretion and are therefore free from disciplinary and monitoring mechanisms. The main motives behind the choice of conservative leverage policies are to reduce the probability of financial distress and bankruptcy and to resist disciplinary actions. Mackie-Mason (1990) used the modified Altman’s (1968) Z-Score to test for the likelihood that a firm will experience financial distress. Simi larly, Helwege and Liang 1996; and Graham (2000) have used this variable in their capital structure studies. They have found the Z-Score coefficient to be consistently positive and significant. This therefore, indicates that financially conservative firms are less likely to face financial distress. Myers (1984) suggests that a firm may seek to maintain slack in the form of reserve borrowing power and target a level of borrowing that lies below its debt capacity. In doing so, the firm can issue safe debt if it needs to avoid any material costs of financial distress. Titman (1984) and Graham (2000) identified industries in which firms are likely to experience significant costs of financial distress. The suggestion is that sensitivity distress results from high levels of on-going relationships with customers which results from warranties, repairs and upgrades associated with the sale of goods in the computer industry, specialty manufacturing industry, the retail industry and the pharma ceutical/biotechnology firms. Minton and Wruck (2001) indicates that three (3) of the four (4) industry classification mentioned above are associated significantly with the probability of being financially conservative. Retail firms are less likely to follow policies of low leverage possibly because of the thinking that real estate serves as good collateral for borrowing purposes. Iona (2004) also

Measuring Test Quality in Embedded Systems Research Paper

Measuring Test Quality in Embedded Systems - Research Paper Example This situation has called for the development of better testing methods that can be used to overcome the mentioned above setbacks experienced by the traditional embedded systems through offering the exact test quality information even in situations where the measuring and testing processes are carried out when the application under investigation is being run in an embedded target board (Conrad 78)Some malfunction software have been introduced as the quality problem culprit in the products of embedded systems. Software testing has therefore received more focus in the recent years and is commonly being used as a means adapted by companies to produce products that are of high quality within the desired time duration to their customers. The traditional systems that made use of manual methods for testing software have been unable to keep up with the rapid increasing code amounts in the contemporary implementation of products. Thus better systems to ensure that the tests conducted are effi ciently executed and the tests actions are reported, monitored and analyzed in better ways so as to keep up with the pace of modern requirements are needed (Grchtmann 27).Most of the programs used these days in embedded systems produce codes that are needlessly complex. While such released codes might still be functional, they are normally more complicated than they are required to be. Codes that are complicated tend to transform and become codes that are problem-riddled. Most technicians believe that in an event.

Iraq and Kuwait relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iraq and Kuwait relations - Essay Example Will Iraq open negotiations?  Will Iraq open negotiations?  The negotiation platform will only be opened by Iraq if there will be any war that may materialize.For now, I don’t see any war emerging.With the good leadership of Iraq, if there need be, negotiations can be open by Iraq.Question to be answered about the specific research question. According to my specific research questions, the type of study is predictive.b. The dependent variable is Iraq open negotiations with Kuwait. No.d. The case study to be investigated is the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait. It should be given the in-depth study to see whether there can be any conflict.e. Yes. Some of the obvious answers are; Iraq will open negotiations due to the good political will and leadership. Its obvious answer because Iraq has got new leadership now which is willing to negotiate.f. NoIt is my concern that Iraq still needs oil for economic superiority and Kuwait has got this oil.So there may need to invade Kuw ait by Iraq to have this oil. This may happen if the Kuwaiti government may be refused to settle the debt they have. What interest me in this research topic is that the human lives are at stake and the conflict should be avoided at all courses.  According to Beverley Milton-Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe, political figures, particularly in the White House, understood well that â€Å"given the powerful influence of the Zionist (pro-Israel) lobby in US internal politics, it would be a bold or rash administration that took any action that might stimulate its ire.  Ã‚  

Agenda - Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States Essay

Agenda - Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States - Essay Example On the other hand, the healthy foods are very expensive compared to the unhealthy ones leading people to opt for the cheaper food and especially in the hard economic times (Smith, et al. 2013). This disparity in access to healthy food in the nation needs to be addressed immediately if the mortality rates from unhealthy eating habits are to reduce. This issue is more important than other agendas as it is in regards to the survival of human beings. Humans need food in order to live, be healthy enough to work as well as to reproduce. Without the necessary balanced diet food for every individual in the nation, the productivity will reduce and mortality will increase as has been established above. A nation cannot be built when people are unhealthy and if this agenda is not taken seriously and overlooked, then the economy of the nation will start plummeting. The issue is not about food scarcity as per se but rather about healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables which are available in the grocery stores. The ones being sold in supermarkets are organic in nature and not many Americans can be able to afford them. When people fail to afford, it means their access is curtailed and the other option is to purchase the unhealthy food that is cheaper and accessible (Smith, et al. 2013). Support for the agenda is needed to not only reduce the disparity but the access to healthy food as well. The support can be structural or economic and can be offered by the government which has a lot of influence as well as work in conjunction with the private sector which has more resources. The support to reduce and completely eliminate the issue of disparity as well as access to healthy foods is a joint effort. The government alone cannot be able to support the issue on its own. Farmers need to be encouraged to grow more of these healthy foods to curb the demand (Larson, Story and Nelson, 2009). With the supply being in plenty,

Iraq and Kuwait relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Iraq and Kuwait relations - Essay Example Will Iraq open negotiations?  Will Iraq open negotiations?  The negotiation platform will only be opened by Iraq if there will be any war that may materialize.For now, I don’t see any war emerging.With the good leadership of Iraq, if there need be, negotiations can be open by Iraq.Question to be answered about the specific research question. According to my specific research questions, the type of study is predictive.b. The dependent variable is Iraq open negotiations with Kuwait. No.d. The case study to be investigated is the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait. It should be given the in-depth study to see whether there can be any conflict.e. Yes. Some of the obvious answers are; Iraq will open negotiations due to the good political will and leadership. Its obvious answer because Iraq has got new leadership now which is willing to negotiate.f. NoIt is my concern that Iraq still needs oil for economic superiority and Kuwait has got this oil.So there may need to invade Kuw ait by Iraq to have this oil. This may happen if the Kuwaiti government may be refused to settle the debt they have. What interest me in this research topic is that the human lives are at stake and the conflict should be avoided at all courses.  According to Beverley Milton-Edwards and Peter Hinchcliffe, political figures, particularly in the White House, understood well that â€Å"given the powerful influence of the Zionist (pro-Israel) lobby in US internal politics, it would be a bold or rash administration that took any action that might stimulate its ire.  Ã‚  

Introduction to Art-Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Art-Questions - Essay Example The method was first used in China and in Japan during the ninth century (James et al., 1997). 2a. Andy Warhol's famous "serigraph" of Marilyn Monroe was made in what way? The serigraph is the manner of attaching a stencil in a finely woven fabric, which is also attached in a frame. The paint will then pass through the fabric and create an image on the tee shirt, paper, or board on the other side of the screen. In the case of the serigraph of Marilyn Monroe, which was done by Andy Warhol, it was done through photographic stencils in which he used a photo of the subject and specialized chemicals in order for the image to stick on the silk screen (Lazzari & Schlesier, 2012). b. What is another name for the process called serigraph? Screen printing or photo silkscreen printing (Lazzari & Schlesier, 2012). c. What material is used in making one? The main material in screen printing is a stenciled image in a very fine woven fabric. In order to create an image in a material, paint or ink m ust be used to attach the image in a material. Also, a squeegee will be used in pushing the ink or paint unto the other side of the woven fabric (Lazzari & Schlesier, 2012). 3. The expensive process of making handwritten letters on stretched calfskin as the only form of communication was replaced with the invention of movable type in 1450. (a) Discuss two benefits from the invention of movable type and how that invention's benefits are similar to the more recent development of the personal computer and the Internet? The invention of the movable type by Johann Gutenberg during 1450 was and is revolutionary. There were many benefits brought by the movable type, and one of these benefits includes the increase in the production of printed materials and documents. In this manner, offices were able to reproduce copies of their documents and were able to save a file for their own self-keeping. It was considered as an efficient manner in the reproducing and preserving documents. The second benefit of this invention was that it had economic benefit for every business industry. It had allowed the publication of books and other printed materials, such as newspaper by bulk, which had eased the process and lowered the cost. This invention of the movable type had a similar impact on the current usage of personal computer and the Internet in terms of the ease in the production of printed or written materials. Aside from this, as the movable type had aided in the production of books, personal computers, and the internet had also made the availability and the production of books easier and more accessible (Blossom, 2011). 4. The 1841 daguerreotype of Maria Edgeworth was one of many that began to be produced at that time and they became a serious threat to portrait painters. (a) Why ? The daguerreotype was invented by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, which used the copper sheets, that are silver-plated and contains iodine. This causes the plate to be sensitive to light, and as it is exposed to the camera, the images are developed through the warms vapor of mercury. This processed had opened its way to the creation of much sturdier and long-lasting portraits. It was also commercialized, allowing the greater public to immortalize their images. For this reason, the portrait painters became threatened with the new process of reproducing portraits. However, it did not push through, but became one of the leading inventions and influences in the field of photographs (Nelson, n.d.). 5. If you were a

Topics In Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Topics In Global Economy Essay With such drastic globalization of worldwide economics, it is now an issue of vast importance to us all.   The impact of current trends in global economics affects each nation and the corporations within it, as well as every citizen, working or unemployed, within its population.   Global economics was inevitable, given the statistics reflecting the increasing popularity of the world wide web as well as the unlimited communications capabilities allowing us to conduct business or easily buy products either from a local business or from a market on the other side of the world.    However, the global market is chiefly responsible for stabilizing inflation rates in the European and U.S. arenas.   One byproduct of global economics is the development and implementation of the Euro dollar. Although it is result of globalization, it has effectively addressed the long standing issues of confusion and instability in the international trade market due to the continuous fluctuations of the scores of currencies existing in the world marketplace. A significant slowing in inflationary trends has been noted during the last few years but many believe that the future will bring a series of setbacks as well.   In The Grandfather Economic Report, Michael Hodges wrote that â€Å"in the 1990’s the (U.S.) federal government created $2.8 trillion of new debt†¦ more than created in the nation’s entire history prior to 1990 †¦.and another $2.7 trillion since 9/11/01.† Yet federal deposit income in China increases by roughly 15% each year.   This rate of growth will have a serious impact on the U.S. national debt.   With an increasingly disproportional balance of import and export trade between the U.S. and Asia, an alarming loss of revenue will certainly plague America and Europe.   This trend will be hard to reverse if changes in the trade balance can not be initiated.   Most of these conditions resulting from the Asian policy that devalues their currencies compared to that of the dollar. The impact of this policy on the US trade balance is negative.   With more dollars being sent to Asia due to devalued exchange rates, statistics begin to reflect a deficit of funds as well as trade block tactics such as high import tariffs discourage these sales in the Asian market. The impact of this policy on the trade balance on Asian economies is that a continue trend of economic prosperity can be anticipated for these Asian nations.   This trend, if allowed to continue, will also bring growth at successively higher percentage rates with each passing year. The effect this policy has and will have on the interest rate on Asian and US treasury securities is that these rates will continue to fall in the U.S. due in the this policy.   Japan’s Finance Minister Kiichi Miyazawa states that â€Å"We acknowledge the importance of the internationalisation of the yen in light of global economic and financial developments such as the Asian financial crisis: the birth of the euro also attests its importance. In this context, we have recently announced measures to promote the yen’s internationalisation, which include measures to increase liquidity in Japan’s short-term financial markets as well as those to facilitate investment by foreign investors in Japanese government bonds.†Ã‚   This policy will surely bring about a successful reversal of downward spiraling of Asian interest rates. As for how this policy will level of indebtedness of US households, businesses and Government, a continuation of this policy regime will undoubtedly result in a rise in debt levels for all, as set the stage for possible economic depression not only for the U.S. Government and global scale due to enormity of the global economics venue. Immediate and viable initiatives must be utilized in order to prevent this threat.

About network topology

About network topology Task: 1 Network Topology: Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes. A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to one or more other nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in a geometrical shape that determines the physical topology of the network. Types of Network Topology: The arrangement or mapping of the elements of a network gives rise to certain basic topologies which may then be combined to form more complex topologies (hybrid topologies). The most common of these basic types of topologies are: Star Topology. Bus Topology. Ring Topology. Mesh Topology. Star Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology: Advantages: Batter performance. Isolation of devices Benefits from centralization Disadvantages of Star Topology: The high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central switch The performance and scalability of the network depend of the switch. Bus Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Network: Advantages: Easy to implement and extend Requires less cable length than a star topology Cheaper than other topologies. Disadvantages: Limited cable length and number of stations. If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down. Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run. Ring Topology: Advantages Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit Performs better than a star topology under heavy network load Can create much larger network using Token Ring Disadvantages One malfunctioning workstation or bad port in the MAU can create problems for the entire network Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network Network adapter cards and MAUs are much more expensive than Ethernet cards and switches Much slower than an Ethernet network under normal load Mesh Topology: A full mesh topology occurs when every node on the network has a separate wire connecting it to very other node on the network. It provides each device with a point-to- point connection to every other device in the network. A full mesh topology is redundant because if any one node of connection fails, all remaining nodes can continue communicating. Topology Choice: I choice star and mesh topology because these two topologies are best topology from other topology. In here establish a network for a police station, this police station has accident emergency department, maternity department, childrens unite, x-ray department and eye department. At first I choice the star topology but its have some disadvantage the primary disadvantage of a star topology is the high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central switch. While the failure of an individual link only results in the isolation of a single node, the failure of the central switch renders the network inoperable, immediately isolating all departments. The performance and scalability of the network also depend on the capabilities of the switch. Network size is limited by the number of connections that can be made to the switch, and performance for the entire network is capped by its throughput. While in theory traffic between the switch and a node is isolated from other nodes on the network, other nodes may see a performance drop if traffic to another node occupies a significant portion of the central nodes processing capability or throughput. Furthermore, wiring up of the system can be very complex. And it has some Advantages too that are: Better performance: Passing of Data Packet through unnecessary nodes is prevented by this topology. At most 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any communication between any two devices which are part of this topology. This topology induces a huge overhead on the central switch, however if the central switch has adequate capacity, then very high network utilization by one device in the network does not affect the other devices in the network. Benefits from centralization: As the central switch is the bottleneck, increasing capacity of the central switch or adding additional devices to the star, can help scale the network very easily. The central nature also allows the inspection traffic through the network. This can help analyze all the traffic in the network and determine suspicious behavior. For this reason I also choice star topology. It will be main topology and need a topology it will be help for backup. Then choosing mesh topology that is maximum problem free. If star topology will disturb then mesh topology will help this time. Mesh topology cover dramatically more department and reach more users than other topology by relying on sophisticated mesh switching technology to increase range and topology capacity. Plug-and-play Setup and Configuration: Every mesh system works out of the box, without requiring sophisticated site-surveys or command-line setup. Hosted back-end system automatically configures every switch as part of this department topology, and the web-based centralized management shows how everything is working through a simple, intuitive interface that can be used from anywhere in the world. Scale to Thousands of Simultaneous Users: Field-tested by one department to other department, Mesh topology platform provides high quality of service to thousands of simultaneous users without missing a beat. Intelligent traffic queuing and packet prioritization, combined with the ability to add an unlimited number of additional network gateways, means your networks capacity can continue to grow with demand. Interference-aware Mesh Switching: Instead of relying on a single large antenna to cover every user, each radio in a mesh topology cooperates to find the best path to carry a users traffic to the Intranet. As they operate, every network re-evaluates thousands of switching paths every minute, resulting in amazing reliability and network capacity. Mesh intelligent mesh switching means every repeater you add extends the reach of the network and makes the mesh more reliable by adding additional links. Thats why I choice star and mash topology. These two topologies are join work together for police station departments. Each department of this police station is very important. Task: 2 The Internet is an excellent tool for collecting and transmitting data for a police station. It is possible to build a Web site for data entry without much programming experience using commercially available programs. Such a Web site allowed rapid, inexpensive and easy transfer of data between researchers and the coordinating center. It also permitted easy communications between the coordinating center and the investigators. Many technical and practical lessons were learned from this experience so that further systems may be more efficient and reliable. Once data are entered into the web pages and sent to an end-point (e.g., database, spreadsheet, or e-mail) they are checked and validated remotely by the owner of the end-point. Any feedback is sent to the user with time delay because there is no immediate interaction between the database and the user. This is the easiest way to set up a data entry Web site, but it lacks automatic and immediate interactivity. One-way data flow with client-sided validation Validation of the entered data can be performed on the client (browser) side. This is mostly done with JavaScript, a program language developed to run on browsers. The JavaScript code is sent with the HTML code (hypertext markup language, the computer language that defines the way web pages are displayed on a computer) of the web page to the user. It can react to false data entry or missing data with a message box informing the user. The advantage is that basic data check is performed before they are being sent. Yet, client-sided data validation has some major disadvantages (other than the need of programming knowledge). Because the JavaScript code is sent with the HTML code to the browser, the web pages are larger and this may lead to a longer download time, particularly for users with a slow Internet connection. In addition, anyone can see the programming code, a feature not always in the interest of the web site designer. Enterprise Networking Assignment September 2008 International Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies Enterprise Networking  ©NCC Education Ltd 2008 Two-way data flow with server-sided validation After the data are entered and sent to the server they are validated and checked by a program residing on that server. Depending on the validation result, a new web page is generated by the web server and sent to the user with, for example, a request to reenter incorrect data or to confirm that all data have been correctly entered. With this technique, there is no extra load on the web pages and the programming code is not visible to the user. The main disadvantage (other than the need for extensive programming knowledge) is that the data first have to be sent to the server and a response has to be sent back to the user, the so-called client-server-client round trip. This may lead to a higher traffic workload, which can be annoying, especially to the user with a slow Internet connection. Two-way data flow with server and client-sided validation The combination of the server and client-side interaction seems to be the ideal solution from the point of user friendliness. Simple data validation is performed using client-side scripting, and more complex tasks are performed on the server side. Yet its implementation is time consuming and complex. Referring case history, status, diagnosis code, textual request are entered by the general practitioner. So instead of entering the detailed referring data, the administrator can choose the current case from the waiting list. On the other hand the family doctor can access his/her patients care data from the police station information system automatically as the actual police station care had been closed with the final documents. In this way the family doctor can see the treatments result before patient would show up in the doctors office with the paper-formed final report. By merging the final reports data of police station cases into the police station application system these data can be accessed for any future patient-visit. Question: Access issues for patients with disabilities, e.g. blind/partially-sighted. The police station authority creating a password protected web page on the police station website on which all information pertinent would be posted. A hard copy of the posted information would be available for reference at the police station. Discussion included the possibility of automatic notification to patient when information has been posted and the use of laptop computers at police station for each disable patient to access the posted information during the police station. Patients of the police station expressed their support of this proposal and asked that police station staff to establish a web-based system. There are two methods of roaming in a node-to-node configuration: Patchwork roaming and Mobile Mesh roaming. Nodes in a mobile mesh by their very nature roam in and out of coverage and between networks. With Patchwork roaming, wireless connection between clients hardware and mesh network, a wireless data networks, public Wi-Fi hotspots, and enterprise WLANs, are difficult to operate at best. The clients using Ipv4 that do not automatically change the IP address when moving between mesh nodes and wireless nodes. Manual intervention may be required. With Patchwork seamless roaming can be achieve; however, it requires DHCP to set every few seconds. The solution will be wait until Ipv6. Mobile meshes implements self-contained dynamic addressing and rendezvous technologies to simplify address management and enable true nomadic operation without reliance on external clients hardware. Mobile devices can join and leave a mobile mesh and/or connect to public or private fixed infrastructure, all while retaining connectivity to critical services. Wireless Mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network realm. There is two types of mesh topologies: full mesh and partial mesh. Full wireless mesh topology occurs when every node in a realm is connected to every other node in a network. Full mesh is yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so in the event that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes. Full wireless mesh is difficult to achieve on a large scale using MeshAP; however, small-scale area like offices or small campus may be ideal. One should note that it is difficult to deploy a full mesh topology. Partial mesh topology yields less redundancy than full mesh topology. With partial mesh, some nodes are organized in a full mesh scheme but others are only connected to one or more nodes in the network realm. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in either small or large networks or fulfilling the last mile connection to a full meshed backbone. There are 4 main types of partial wireless mesh nodes topologies: Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint or Multipoint-to-point, and Multipoint-to-multipoint, Metropolitan Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks have long been the standard for fixed wireless deployments and some 802.11 based networks. In testing of mesh networks have proven to be most versatile, overcoming a number of disadvantages in traditional wireless topologies. This section will detail the fundamentals of MeshAP and its inherent advantages. Point-to-Point nodes topology A point-to-point network is the simplest form of wireless network, composed of two radio and two high gain antennas in direct communication with each other. Point to point links are often used to provide high-performance, dedicated connections or high-speed interconnect links. These links are quick to deploy individually, but do not easily scale to create a large network. Client used these nodes in a site-to-site configuration. Point to Multipoint nodes topology A point-to multipoint or a Multipoint to point nodes share link between an uplink node with omni directional antenna and repeater nodes or downlink nodes with high gain directional antennas. This type of network is easier to deploy than Point to point network because adding a new subscriber only requires equipment deployment at the subscriber site, not at the uplink node; however, each remote site must be within range and clear line of sight of the base station. Trees, hills and other line of sight obstruction make point to multipoint nods impractical for residential and home office coverage. A Point to Multipoint network is suited for either backhaul operations or customers that need reliable, high-speed connections, but are not willing to pay for dedicated capacity that may go unused. The nodes performed as a bridge to the uplink network and are generally in wired configuration for the clients. The problem with point to Multipoint node topology is that they are not design to mesh w ith other nodes due to the directional antenna. Multipoint nodes topology Multipoint to multipoint networks creates a routed mesh topology that mirrors the structure of a wired Internet. To build a mesh network, indoor or outdoor Internet access is first established with the deployment of an access switch connected to a wired ISP. Additional access routers are then deployed throughout the coverage area until a maximum density is achieved. Each access router not only provides access for attached users, but also become part of the network infrastructure by routing traffic through the network over multiple hops. This allows any client to join the network at any point of the mesh, even if the clients are not using a node. Client can access the entire mesh wireless or wired making this the best choice to deploy for areas that require larger coverage MeshAP. Metropolitan nodes topology Task 3 A method of half-duplex wireless communication comprising the steps of: transmitting from a base station to a plurality of mobile stations contained within one wireless communication cell that is serviced by the base station a Ready announcement indicating that the base station is ready to receive data on an uplink channel from the mobile stations, setting a random initial backoff time for each mobile station and transmitting from each mobile station a Request to Send announcement to the base station following expiration of the backoff time, transmitting from the base station to the mobile stations a Clear to Send announcement indicating that the first mobile station to have had its Request to Send announcement received in the base station can now transmit data, resubmitting the Request to Send announcements from the other mobile stations after a predetermined backoff time period has expired corresponding to a time period in which the first mobile station can transmit its data to the base station, and prioritizing any messages from the mobile stations by setting a higher probability that the base station will be in a receiving state rather than a transmitting state. The method according to claim 1 including the steps of transmitting Clear to Send announcements from the mobile stations to the base station indicating that mobile stations are clear to receive data from the base station, and transmitting the data from the base station to a respective mobile station based on the first Clear to Send announcement received within the base station. A half-duplex wireless communication system comprising a premises having a base station that services a defined communication cell, wherein the base station transmits and receives Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements to and from mobile stations to indicate that the base station can receive and send data, and a plurality of mobile stations that send and receive data after transmitting and receiving Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements to and from the base station based on the respective time period in which the base station has received the Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements from respective mobile stations, and means for prioritizing any messages from the mobile stations by setting a higher probability that a base station will be in a receiving state rather than a transmitting state. The system according to claim 3 wherein a Request to Send and Clear to Send announcement exchange must occur between the base station and mobile station before any data exchange can occur. The system according to claim 3 wherein the base station and a mobile station send and receive an acknowledgement message signalling the completion of data transfer. The main equipment that would be installed. Requirements Analysis Prior to any decision on strategy, the customers requirements for voice services must be clearly defined. Requirement operators will evaluate the current environment and practices, and then recommend strategic infrastructure decisions aligned with the customers business needs. For an IP Telephony infrastructure, this would include items such as: Call services Phone features Call conferencing services Messaging Toll bypass Directory services. IP Telephony System Installation Sequence: Once the infrastructure is ready to support IP Telephony, the actual deployment begins. The main steps are summarized below: Install IP Telephony Call Manager Publisher server. Configuration of IP Telephony system parameters, calling gateways, dial plan and phone clients. Install IP Telephony Call Manager Subscriber servers as needed. Install IP Telephony Voicemail Solution. Connect the IP Telephony system with minimal access to PSTN and tie line services. The features available with each system. Performance and security of the existing network to ensure that it is capable of supporting an IP Telephony infrastructure, and identify any areas where enhancements are necessary. In order to successfully deploy IP Telephony services, a minimum number of system features must be available in a customers network. For instance: Networks where IP Telephony is to be deployed should be structured on a 3-tier model: Core, Distribution and Access, to ensure an even flow of traffic. A poorly structured design can create unnecessary bottlenecks, impacting performance. User Access nodes must be switch based technology, to provide the bandwidth to the desktop that can best support voice and video. User Access nodes should support multiple virtual LANs (VLANs) within a single switch. This way, voice and data can be configured separately and efficiently, while sharing the same physical infrastructure. The switch must provide 802.1q trucking on user connections, also to allow voice and data traffic to be configured separately. The switch must be able to provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) on a user connection. If the switch does not support 802.1q trucking and differentiated QoS on each user connection, the IP Telephony system may still be deployed but a separate connection would be required for the phone and data equipment connections. Task: 4 The cost of equipment and installation. Cost of equipment and installation: The total cost and savings of an IP Telephony infrastructure should be identified and compared to the current costs. Company will examine the infrastructure costs and provide advice on how to invest to maximize the efficiency of the network. Items included in this analysis will include: Hardware Software Network / leased lines Support services. Value recovered from Cisco telephony trade in program ****** The cost of operating the system. Optimized operating cost structure Staff requirement for delivering voice services In-house solution VoIP-X solution Similar savings on server equipment, administration and support staff Estimated Retail Pricing The Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 licensing model consists of a Server operating system license and incremental Client Access Licenses (CALs) and is designed to allow for complete scalability of your cost in relation to your usage. In addition, Microsoft offers several flexible, cost-effective options for licensing. Note that there are a few CAL types available to suit your individual needs. This page provides guidance on the Windows Server 2003 R2 pricing and points you to our various licensing programs so you can find the most cost-effective solution for your organization. Product Offering U.S. Price* Description Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition $999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 5 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition $1,199 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 10 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition $3,999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 25 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter Edition $2,999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Windows Server 2003 Web Edition, 32-bit version $399 Open NL Web Server product, no CALs required. Windows Server 2003 Web Edition, is not available in all channels. Open NL estimated price is $399. Contact your local System Builder, OEM, or reseller for actual prices or for more information on how to purchase. Task: 5 Benefit: As technical barriers are eliminated and more organizations begin to adopt Internet protocol-based telephony (IPT), companies are finding that here are demonstrable, real-world total costs of ownership (TCO) advantages associated with implementing IPT solutions. Along with delivering the same or better quality and reliability as traditional systems, IPT solutions offer distinct benefits including lower costs, simplified management and greater flexibility to add applications like conferencing, centralized voice mail, and unified messaging, enabling branches to deliver premium service to customers. IPT is able to lower the costs and provide value-added communications applications to employees in branch and retail locations. Supported network topologies: â€Å"Topology† refers to the configuration of the hardware components and how the data is transmitted through that configuration. 802.15.4 and ZigBee support three different network topologies: star, mesh, and cluster tree (also called star-mesh hybrid). The cluster tree topology is less efficient than the other two, and is therefore rarely (if ever) implemented. It is not covered in this whitepaper. Before describing the star and mesh topologies, it helps to first understand the different types of devices these networks can include. LAN guard N.S.S. has the ability to scan your entire network, IP by IP, or to scan just a single machine upon which it is installed. Not only do you get a list of open ports and vulnerable services, but you also get useful information such as the service packs installed on the machine, missing security patches, wireless access points, USB devices, open shares, open ports, services/applications active on the computer, key registry entries, weak passwords, users and groups, and more. In addition, you can easily analyze scan results using filters and reports, enabling you to proactively secure your network — for example, by shutting down unnecessary ports, closing shares, installing service packs. Bibliography: Search Engines Name: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.ads.com ****** Web Address Name: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Phone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_VoIP_software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated_services http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENUM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H323 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_services http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/telecom/WirelessSolution.html http://www.redcom.com/products/slice2100.php http://www.redcom.com/products/hdx_apps.php http://meraki.com/oursolution/mesh/ http://www.microsoft.com/technet/network/p2p/p2pintro.mspx EIAAC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager http://www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/03-10-10 ip_enhanced_medical.asp http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/sqg/va/papers/appaper.html http://www.azgita.gov/councils_committees/tegc/submissions/10.pdf http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/100/2/506 ****** Books name: Book Name Writer Name Publication Name Computer Networks(4th edition) Andrew S. Tanenbaum Prantic-Hall India Enterprise Networking NCC Education Limited

Guilty Conscience in Macbeth :: essays research papers

In my opinion, the statement â€Å"If you commit a crime and don’t get caught, it doesn’t really matter because your guilt over what you have done will destroy you in the end† is true and happens in reality. What is a crime? It is an evil act that breaks the law or the basic values of the society, harming the individuals of the society. So if you commit a crime, and don’t get caught the fact that you have committed a crime and your heart knows will haunt you forever and make you feel guilty. If you know that the act you did was wrong, but you did it anyways ignoring what you knew will definitely lead to your destruction. Even though, you would appear to be confident to others, after committing the crime, but your inner conscience will always curse you and will eventually destroy you. This is what happened to Lady Macbeth in the play written by William Shakespeare, â€Å"Macbeth†. When Macbeth informed Lady Macbeth of the witches’ prophecy of him being the king of Scotland, she incited him to kill Duncan (because of her desire or ambition to rule Scotland). She could not kill Duncan herself, so she told him to slay Duncan. Even though, Lady Macbeth did not kill Duncan, she knew it was because of her provocation that Macbeth was forced to take this step. In the beginning of the play, she is blood thirsty and cruel. In the middle, when she had to hide Macbeth’s hallucination of seeing Banqous ghost, she said â€Å"Good friends, think of this as nothing more than a strange habit. It's nothing else. Too bad it's spoiling our pleasure tonight† (III, iv, 101-103). She is still confident and is trying to stabilize Macbeth’s thoughts. Till this point she is not shown to be guilty of her act but confident. Gradually, as the play progresse s we hear about Lady Macbeth’s condition from her maid, who says to a Doctor â€Å"Since his majesty went into the field, I have seen her rise/from her bed, throw her nightgown upon her, unlock her/closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon 't, read it,/ afterwards seal it, and again return to bed, yet all this/while in most fall asleep† (V,I, 3-8). Then Lady Macbeth says while sleep walking â€Å"Out, damned spot! Out, I say!—One, two. Why, then, 'tis time to do 't/. Hell is/murky!—Fie, my lord, fie! A soldier, and afeard?

Interdisciplinary Approach to International Relations Theory Essay

International relations is generally the study of foreign affairs and international issues among states within a global system. Here, the roles of the states, international agencies, and non-government organizations are analyzed using proper statistical techniques or induction methods. In the past, the study of IR theories was usually limited to geo-political variables (and some economic variables). Today, the approach to studying IR theories is essentially interdisciplinary in orientation and global in application. Total effects of different types of variables are generally taken into consideration. For example, Wallerstein’s creation of the world system theory was essentially based on two determinant variables: political power of states and economic bargaining power. Wallerstein argued that political power determines the global status of a particular state. Economic bargaining power determines the level of control of a particular state in the world economy. In an interdisciplinary approach, propositions from other legitimate field of subjects are usually taken into account. Academic propositions and hypotheses from other fields are given consideration for their explanatory value. Interdisciplinary approach to the study of IR theories provides a clear whole figure of global phenomena. In short, by expanding the bases of study, the predictive value of such approach increases. This, essentially, makes a particular IR theory to be self-sufficient and reliable. Does this make ‘understanding’ more complicated? In fact, an interdisciplinary approach to IR makes the whole analysis more simple and flexible. A person reading an IR theory or proposition can easily pinpoint the ‘observed possible causes’ of global events. In short, while an interdisciplinary approach broadens the analysis, it nevertheless gives a complete picture of a particular event. Hence, IR models become complicated without a possible loss on understanding. Therefore, it is possible to say that the level of abstract complications can result to a narrower form of analysis (wrong functional form). It is also to argue that the best IR models are the ones which take into account the existence of variables. The form first would be thoroughly examined before giving any prediction.

Medieval baghdad

Europe there was the Saxons, the Vikings and the franks, these were the three sides of conflict. Europe was filled with violence, illiterate people, superstition and no medical knowledge. They still believed that disease was caused by evil spirits or god(s).. The Islamic empire can reveal a respect for knowledge from all cultures; this made it significant. In their hospitals and pharmacies they would let anyone practice as a doctor. Also they would let anyone be a patient no matter what culture, country or religion. This reveals that the Islamic empire was religiously tolerant.It also is remarkable as the scholars were the first people to build hospitals with different wards for different illnesses. The scholars also collected knowledge from all countries and religions because it didn't what race you are, if you have new knowledge it was valuable. They collected knowledge from India, china, Greece, Italy, all over the empire: in fact it would take someone a whole year to go from one side of the empire to the other. This shows that they were willing to give up at least a year of their time to collect knowledge.Medieval Baghdad should be remembered for the contribution it made to our lives today. The scholars discoveries in medicine are still relevant today as they were the first people to do complicated surgeries. This includes cesareans and eye surgeries. What was remarkable was the fact that they had a 60% success rate on the eye surgeries. Our knowledge of medicinal practices would not be advanced if it were not for them. The scholars gathered information like a new way of writing numbers. This meant that they could write all the numbers from O to infinity with only 10 humbly.The person who did this was called AAA-Swarming. In fact we would not have any computerized technology without the numbers O or 1. This resulted in change as they found a whole new way Of writing numbers which actually made calculations easier. The layout of the city of Baghdad which had double walls and only certain places that you could enter inspired the design of the castles in Europe. Our castle would not the same in any way, shape or form if it were not for the architects designing the city of Baghdad.Also they would not have defended s well if it were not for them either. The reason we do not remember Baghdad for what it used to be is because there is no record of the books they wrote or that they collected the knowledge. Baghdad lost power over its empire as the smaller caliphs decided that they did not want to know more about science, math or astronomy. People called the Mongols destroyed the library which had held all of the books and knowledge that they had spent so long collecting.